Since 2014, the Affordable Care Act (ACA) has required health insurance plans in the individual and small group markets to meet certain coverage levels. Each level of coverage is assigned to a different metallic tier: Bronze, Silver, Gold, and Platinum. Bronze plans offer the lowest level of coverage while Platinum plans offer the most generous coverage.
These metal levels are defined by their “actuarial value” (AV). They are intended to help healthcare consumers compare plans with different levels of coverage for essential health benefits.
But what exactly does actuarial value mean, and how does it change the way you shop for a health plan on the exchanges? In this article, we'll cover everything you need to know about actuarial value calculations, how health insurance plans are categorized, and how to choose a plan that works best for you.
Actuarial value is the percentage of expected healthcare costs a health insurance plan will pay. AV is calculated based on the cost-sharing features for a set of covered benefits. These types of estimates are based on the average healthcare percentage of costs among the standard population—not your individual medical care expenses.
For example, an insurer offering a plan with a 70% AV would be expected to pay 70% of a standard population's expected medical expenses for essential health benefits. Then, the insurance company would pass the remaining 30% of the expected medical cost to patients. This is in the form of deductibles, copayments, coinsurance rates, and out-of-pocket maximums.
When choosing your type of plan, you'll not only want to take a look at AV—you’ll also want to make comparisons across plan designs. Don't expect every Bronze, Silver, Gold, or Platinum plan to look identical. Plan types with the same AV could have different plan designs, as insurers have the freedom to design unique plans that all fall under the same category of AV. With each one, you can expect to see a range of cost-sharing parameters and provider networks for medical services.
Each metallic tier has varying levels of AV. The chart below breaks down each type of plan and its AV percentage:
|
Plan types |
Bronze Plans |
Silver Plans |
Gold Plans |
Platinum Plans |
|
AV |
60% |
70% |
80% |
90% |
AV only determines how much you'll pay for your health plan—not the quality of medical services or amount of care you're eligible to receive. It's important to note that while each plan covers a different percentage of average costs, all of them cover the ten essential health benefits outlined by the ACA.
Healthcare.gov1 lists the ten essential health benefit categories as:
Expanded Bronze plans offer a little more coverage. According to Verywell Health, expanded Bronze plans can have actuarial value as high as 65%. With that increased AV, expanded Bronze plans must pay for at least one major service before the enrollee's deductible is met. But they can impose reasonable patient cost-sharing through a copay.
Not all plans fit within the metallic tiers. Catastrophic plans fall below Bronze plans and have an AV below 60%. With low monthly premiums and extremely high deductibles, people on this plan end up paying greater out-of-pocket costs for their medical expenses. Healthcare.gov2 explains that people under 30 and those 30 or older with a hardship exemption or affordability exemption are the only people eligible to buy catastrophic plans.
Deciding if you need a health plan with a higher or lower AV will depend on the healthcare expenses you expect to incur in a given year.
Here are just a few questions to ask yourself to help you decide which plan is best for you:
If you answered “yes” to a few of these questions, you'll probably want a health plan with a higher AV, such as a Platinum or Gold plan. However, if you answered “no” to most of them, you may only need a plan for the worst-case scenario and might choose a plan with a lower AV, such as a Bronze or Silver plan.
Getting your healthcare costs partially covered through an insurer is a significant first step in making your medical expenses more affordable, but it's not your only option.
If your employer offers a health reimbursement arrangement (HRA), you can get more than 200 eligible medical expenses reimbursed—tax-free—through your organization.
With an HRA, your employer can offer a monthly allowance for you to spend on the qualifying medical expenses you, your spouse, and your dependents need each month. You then submit receipts for these expenses in order to be reimbursed. What's more, you can also get your individual health insurance premium reimbursed, helping you save even more on your healthcare.
Shopping around for your own health insurance policy can feel like a daunting task. However, understanding how actuarial value works makes it easier to navigate health insurance exchanges.
If you require little medical care, a Bronze plan with a low monthly premium and a high deductible may be your best option. But if you plan to see a doctor frequently, you're probably better off with a Gold or Platinum plan that offers more generous cost coverage. When you know the differences between each metal tier and the plan designs within them, you can choose the option that works best for your budget and lifestyle.
This article was originally written on December 20, 2012. It was last updated March 28, 2023.
1. https://www.healthcare.gov/coverage/what-marketplace-plans-cover
2. https://www.healthcare.gov/choose-a-plan/catastrophic-health-plans/